技术创新生态系统

数据政策

数字基础设施

数字领域的双边和多边联系

注释：

1. The main bank system is a financial system/custom unique to Japan in which one main bank monitors corporate management for a long time.

2. Cabinet Office, “第４節 我が国のイノベーションをめぐる課題 [Section 4: Issues concerning innovation in our country],” Economic and Fiscal White Paper, August 2007, available at: www5.cao.go.jp

3. New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, “オープンイノベーション白書 第三版 [Open Innovation White Paper, third edition],” May 2020, available at: www.nedo.go.jp.

4. Japan as Number One was a best-seller book in Japan, written by Ezra Vogel and published in 1979. The book argued that the U.S. should learn from Japan, which developed into the world’s most effective industrial power.

5. Ibid.

6. Cabinet Office, “統合イノベーション戦略 2022 [Integrated Innovation Strategy 2022]”, June 2022, available at: www8.cao.go.jp.

7. Cabinet Office, “科学技術?イノベーション基本計画 [Science, Technology and Innovation Basic Plan],” March 2021, available at: www8.cao.go.jp.

8. Cabinet Secretariat, “新しい資本主義のグランドデザイン及び実行計画 [Grand design and implementation plan of the new capitalism]”, June 2022, available at: www.cas.go.jp.

9. Cabinet Office, “科学技術?イノベーション基本計画 [Science, Technology and Innovation Basic Plan]”, March 2021

10. “極超音速など27技術に財政支援へ、経済安全保障で政府 [Government to provide financial support for 27 technologies, including hypersonic, for economic security]” , Nikkei, September 16, 2022, available at: www.nikkei.com

11. Japan uses the term “multi-use” as the distinction between peacetime and contingency/commercial and military use is blurred.

12. “防衛強化へ技術革新支援 防衛省、24年度にも新研究機関 [Support for technological innovation to strengthen defence, Ministry of Defence to launch new research institute in FY24]” , Nikkei, October 19, 2022, available at: www.nikkei.com.

13. “軍民両用技術で歩み寄り 学術会議見解 政府は評価 [Compromise on dual-use technology, government appreciates the view of the Science Council of Japan]”, Nikkei, October 28, 2022, available at: www.nikkei.com.

14. “研究開発、安保活用で2案 防衛力強化へ「縦割り打破」[Two proposals for security applications of R&D, 'breaking down stove-piping' to strengthen defence capabilities]”, Nikkei, October 23, 2022, available at: www.nikkei.com.

15. Cabinet Secretariat, “National Data Strategy”, June 18, 2021, available at: www.digital.go.jp.

16. Ibid.

17. European Commission, “Joint statement on the first review of the EU-Japan mutual adequacy arrangement,” October 26, 2021, available at: www.ec.europa.eu.

18. T. Hickman and S. Asayama, “EU-Japan Adequacy Decision Now in Force,” White&Case.com, January 30, 2019, available at: www.whitecase.com.

19. European Commission, “Supplementary Rules under the Act on the Protection of Personal Information for the Handling of Personal Data Transferred from the EU based on an Adequacy Decision”, available at: www.ec.europa.eu.

20. T. Hickman and S. Asayama, “EU-Japan Adequacy Decision Now in Force,” White&Case.com, January 30, 2019, available at: www.whitecase.com.

21. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, “Speech by Prime Minister Abe at the World Economic Forum Annual Meeting,” January 23, 2019, available at: www.mofa.go.jp.

22. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, “G20 Osaka Summit (Summary of Outcome)”, June 29, 2019, available at: www.mofa.go.jp.

23. Cabinet Secretariat, “National Data Strategy”, June 18, 2021, available at: www.digital.go.jp.

24. Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, “データの越境移転に関する研究会報告書 [Report of the Study Group on Cross-border Transfer of Data]”, February 28, 2022, available at: www.meti.go.jp.

25. T. Mizushima, “DFFTの具体化を加速する経済産業省 商務情報政策局 総務課 国際室の取り組み [Accelerating the embodiment of the DFFT, International Office, Policy Planning and Coordination Division, Commerce and Information Policy Bureau, METI]”, JIPDEC, June 6, 2022, available at: www.jipdec.or.jp.

26. Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, “2022 White Paper on Information and Communications”, available at: www.soumu.go.jp.

27. NHK, “5G 「人口カバー率」2023年度末に95％へ 総務省 [5G 'population coverage' to 95% by the end of FY2023 MIC]”, March 29, 2022, available at: www3.nhk.or.jp.

28. Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, “Beyond 5G 推進戦略 [Beyond 5G Promotion Strategy]”, June 30, 2020, available at: www.soumu.go.jp. The market share of each country/region only includes that of top 15 companies.

29. Government of Japan, “包括的データ戦略 [National Data Strategy]”, June 18, 2021, available at: www.digital.go.jp.

30. Nikkei, “機密漏洩防止へ調達指針 政府、ファーウェイ念頭 [Procurement guidelines to prevent leakage of confidential information, assuming Huawei]” , December 10, 2018, www.nikkei.com.

31. Ibid.

32. Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, “Beyond 5G に向けた情報通信技術戦略の在り方に関する検討について [Study on the state of the information and communication technology strategy towards Beyond 5G]”, November 4, 2021, available at: www.soumu.go.jp.

33. Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, “Beyond 5G推進戦略プログレスレポート2021 [Beyond 5G Promotion Strategy Progress Report 2021]” , March 2022, available at: www.soumu.go.jp.

34. M. Takahashi, Y. Yamamoto, and S. Sugiura, “日本の視点：Open RAN国内競争動向の考察 [Japanese perspective: a review of Open RAN domestic competition trends]” , Technology, Media and Telecommunications Predictions (2021 Japan), Deloitte, available at: www2.deloitte.com.

35. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, “デジタル貿易に関する日本国とアメリカ合衆国との間の協定 [Agreement between Japan and the United States of America Concerning Digital Trade]” , January 1, 2020, available at: www.mofa.go.jp.

36. White House, “Fact Sheet: U.S.-Japan Competitiveness and Resilience (CoRe) Partnership”, April 16, 2021, available at: www.whitehouse.gov.

37. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, “Japan-U.S. Economic Policy Consultative Committee Meeting”, July 29, 2021, available at: www.mofa.go.jp.

38. R. Tobita, “半導体の対中輸出規制「数週内に進展」冨田駐米大使 [Semiconductor export restrictions to China "progress within weeks," says Ambassador Tomita]”, Nikkei, January 18, 2023, available at: www.nikkei.com.

39. J. Schoff and R. Kajima-Tsunoda, “The United States and Japan Should Team Up on 5G,” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, July 23, 2020, available at: www.carnegieendowment.org.

40. NHK, “Japan, U.S. Agree to Closer Cooperation on 'Beyond 5G'”, January 18, 2023.

41. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, “Japan and the European Union Start Negotiations to Include Provisions on the Free Flow of Data into The Japan-EU EPA With the European Union”, October 7, 2022, available at: www.mofa.go.jp.

42. European Commission, “Japan-EU Digital Partnership – Factsheet”, May 12, 2022, available at: www.digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu.

43. Ibid.

44. Cabinet Secretariat, “TPP協定 (TPP Agreement),” available at: www.cas.go.jp.

45. H. Sekine, “Collective Action Can Spark Innovation for Data Flows”, Chatham House, June 28, 2021, available at: www.chathamhouse.org.

46. White House, “Quad Joint Leaders’ Statement”, May 24, 2022, available at: www.whitehouse.gov.

47. White House, “Fact Sheet”, May 23, 2022, available at: www.whitehouse.gov.

48. C. Davies, S. Jung-a, K. Inagaki and R. Waters, “U.S. Struggles to Mobilise Its East Asian ‘Chip 4’ Alliance”, Financial Times, September 13, 2022, available at: www.ft.com

免责声明

本文仅代表原作者观点，不代表走出去智库立场。